Chris was born in a town called
Grass Valley, California, the son of a lawyer and a musician. As a
young man, Chris joined the Peace Corps, and taught English in Morocco.
He came to love and respect the people of North Africa and the Middle
East, and he would carry that commitment throughout his life. As a
diplomat, he worked from Egypt to Syria; from Saudi Arabia to Libya.
He was known for walking the streets of the cities where he worked –
tasting the local food, meeting as many people as he could, speaking
Arabic and listening with a broad smile.
Chris went to Benghazi in
the early days of the Libyan revolution, arriving on a cargo ship. As
America's representative, he helped the Libyan people as they coped with
violent conflict, cared for the wounded, and crafted a vision for a
future in which the rights of all Libyans would be respected. After the
revolution, he supported the birth of a new democracy, as Libyans held
elections, built new institutions, and began to move forward after
decades of dictatorship.
Chris Stevens loved his work. He took
pride in the country he served, and saw dignity in the people he met.
Two weeks ago, he travelled to Benghazi to review plans to establish a
new cultural center and modernize a hospital. That's when America's
compound came under attack. Along with three of his colleagues, Chris
was killed in the city he helped to save. He was 52 years old.
I
tell you this story because Chris Stevens embodied the best of America.
Like his fellow Foreign Service officers, he built bridges across oceans
and cultures, and was deeply invested in the international cooperation
that the United Nations
represents. He acted with humility, but stood up for a set of
principles – a belief that individuals should be free to determine their
own destiny, and live with liberty, dignity, justice, and opportunity.
The
attacks on our civilians in Benghazi were attacks on America. We are
grateful for the assistance we received from the Libyan government and
the Libyan people. And there should be no doubt that we will be
relentless in tracking down the killers and bringing them to justice. I
also appreciate that in recent days, the leaders of other countries in
the region – including Egypt, Tunisia, and Yemen – have taken steps to
secure our diplomatic facilities, and called for calm. So have religious
authorities around the globe.
But the attacks of the last two
weeks are not simply an assault on America. They are also an assault on
the very ideals upon which the United Nations was founded – the notion
that people can resolve their differences peacefully; that diplomacy can
take the place of war; and that in an interdependent world, all of us
have a stake in working towards greater opportunity and security for our
citizens.
If we are serious about upholding these ideals, it will
not be enough to put more guards in front of an Embassy; or to put out
statements of regret, and wait for the outrage to pass. If we are
serious about those ideals, we must speak honestly about the deeper
causes of this crisis. Because we face a choice between the forces that
would drive us apart, and the hopes we hold in common.
Today, we
must affirm that our future will be determined by people like Chris
Stevens, and not by his killers. Today, we must declare that this
violence and intolerance has no place among our United Nations.
It
has been less than two years since a vendor in Tunisia set himself on
fire to protest the oppressive corruption in his country, and sparked
what became known as the Arab Spring. Since then, the world has been
captivated by the transformation that has taken place, and the United States has supported the forces of change.
We
were inspired by the Tunisian protests that toppled a dictator, because
we recognized our own beliefs in the aspirations of men and women who
took to the streets.
We insisted on change in Egypt, because our support for democracy put us on the side of the people.
We
supported a transition of leadership in Yemen, because the interests of
the people were not being served by a corrupt status quo.
We
intervened in Libya alongside a broad coalition, and with the mandate of
the U.N. Security Council, because we had the ability to stop the
slaughter of innocents; and because we believed that the aspirations of
the people were more powerful than a tyrant.
And as we meet here,
we again declare that the regime of Bashar al-Assad must come to an end
so that the suffering of the Syrian people can stop, and a new dawn can
begin.
We have taken these positions because we believe that
freedom and self-determination are not unique to one culture. These are
not simply American values or Western values – they are universal
values. And even as there will be huge challenges that come with a
transition to democracy, I am convinced that ultimately government of
the people, by the people and for the people is more likely to bring
about the stability, prosperity, and individual opportunity that serve
as a basis for peace in our world.
So let us remember that this is
a season of progress. For the first time in decades, Tunisians,
Egyptians, and Libyans voted for new leaders in elections that were
credible, competitive, and fair. This democratic spirit has not been
restricted to the Arab World. Over the past year, we have seen peaceful
transitions of power in Malawi and Senegal, and a new President in
Somalia. In Burma, a President has freed political prisoners and opened a
closed society; a courageous dissident has been elected to Parliament;
and people look forward to further reform. Around the globe, people are
making their voices heard, insisting on their innate dignity, and the
right to determine their future.
And yet the turmoil of recent
weeks reminds us that the path to democracy does not end with the
casting of a ballot. Nelson Mandela once said: "to be free is not merely
to cast off one's chains, but to live in a way that respects and
enhances the freedom of others." True democracy demands that citizens
cannot be thrown in jail because of what they believe, and businesses
can be opened without paying a bribe. It depends on the freedom of
citizens to speak their minds and assemble without fear; on the rule of
law and due process that guarantees the rights of all people.
In
other words, true democracy – real freedom – is hard work. Those in
power have to resist the temptation to crack down on dissent. In hard
economic times, countries may be tempted to rally the people around
perceived enemies, at home and abroad, rather than focusing on the
painstaking work of reform.
Moreover, there will always be those
that reject human progress – dictators who cling to power, corrupt
interests that depend upon the status quo; and extremists who fan the
flames of hate and division. From Northern Ireland to South Asia; from
Africa to the Americas; from the Balkans to the Pacific Rim, we've
witnessed convulsions that can accompany transitions to a new political
order. At times, the conflicts arise along the fault lines of faith,
race or tribe; and often they arise from the difficulties of reconciling
tradition and faith with the diversity and interdependence of the
modern world. In every country, there are those who find different
religious beliefs threatening; in every culture, those who love freedom
for themselves must ask how much they are willing to tolerate freedom
for others.
That is what we saw play out the last two weeks, as a
crude and disgusting video sparked outrage throughout the Muslim world. I
have made it clear that the United States government had nothing to do
with this video, and I believe its message must be rejected by all who
respect our common humanity. It is an insult not only to Muslims, but to
America as well – for as the city outside these walls makes clear, we
are a country that has welcomed people of every race and religion. We
are home to Muslims who worship across our country. We not only respect
the freedom of religion – we have laws that protect individuals from
being harmed because of how they look or what they believe. We
understand why people take offense to this video because millions of our
citizens are among them.
I know there are some who ask why we
don't just ban such a video. The answer is enshrined in our laws: our
Constitution protects the right to practice free speech. Here in the
United States, countless publications provoke offense. Like me, the
majority of Americans are Christian, and yet we do not ban blasphemy
against our most sacred beliefs. Moreover, as President of our country,
and Commander-in-Chief of our military, I accept that people are going
to call me awful things every day, and I will always defend their right
to do so. Americans have fought and died around the globe to protect the
right of all people to express their views – even views that we
disagree with.
We do so not because we support hateful speech, but
because our Founders understood that without such protections, the
capacity of each individual to express their own views, and practice
their own faith, may be threatened. We do so because in a diverse
society, efforts to restrict speech can become a tool to silence
critics, or oppress minorities. We do so because given the power of
faith in our lives, and the passion that religious differences can
inflame, the strongest weapon against hateful speech is not repression,
it is more speech – the voices of tolerance that rally against bigotry
and blasphemy, and lift up the values of understanding and mutual
respect.
I know that not all countries in this body share this
understanding of the protection of free speech. Yet in 2012, at a time
when anyone with a cell phone can spread offensive views around the
world with the click of a button, the notion that we can control the
flow of information is obsolete. The question, then, is how we respond.
And on this we must agree: there is no speech that justifies mindless
violence.
There are no words that excuse the killing of innocents.
There is no video that justifies an attack on an Embassy. There is no
slander that provides an excuse for people to burn a restaurant in
Lebanon, or destroy a school in Tunis, or cause death and destruction in
Pakistan.
More broadly, the events of the last two weeks speak to
the need for all of us to address honestly the tensions between the
West and an Arab World moving to democracy. Just as we cannot solve
every problem in the world, the United States has not, and will not,
seek to dictate the outcome of democratic transitions abroad, and we do
not expect other nations to agree with us on every issue. Nor do we
assume that the violence of the past weeks, or the hateful speech by
some individuals, represents the views of the overwhelming majority of
Muslims– any more than the views of the people who produced this video
represent those of Americans.
However, I do believe that it is the
obligation of all leaders, in all countries, to speak out forcefully
against violence and extremism. It is time to marginalize those who –
even when not resorting to violence – use hatred of America, or the
West, or Israel as a central principle of politics. For that only gives
cover, and sometimes makes excuses, for those who resort to violence.
That
brand of politics – one that pits East against West; South against
North; Muslim against Christian, Hindu, and Jew – cannot deliver the
promise of freedom. To the youth, it offers only false hope. Burning an
American flag will do nothing to educate a child. Smashing apart a
restaurant will not fill an empty stomach. Attacking an Embassy won't
create a single job. That brand of politics only makes it harder to
achieve what we must do together: educating our children and creating
the opportunities they deserve; protecting human rights, and extending
democracy's promise.
Understand that America will never retreat
from the world. We will bring justice to those who harm our citizens and
our friends. We will stand with our allies and are willing to partner
with countries to deepen ties of trade and investment; science and
technology; energy and development – efforts that can spark economic
growth for all of our people, and stabilize democratic change. But such
efforts depend upon a spirit of mutual interest and mutual respect. No
government or company; no school or NGO will be confident working in a
country where its people are endangered. For partnership to be
effective, our citizens must be secure and our efforts must be welcomed.
A
politics based only on anger –one based on dividing the world between
us and them – not only sets back international cooperation, it
ultimately undermines those who tolerate it. All of us have an interest
in standing up to these forces. Let us remember that Muslims have
suffered the most at the hands of extremism. On the same day our
civilians were killed in Benghazi, a Turkish police officer was murdered
in Istanbul only days before his wedding; more than ten Yemenis were
killed in a car bomb in Sana'a; and several Afghan children were mourned
by their parents just days after they were killed by a suicide bomber
in Kabul.
The impulse towards intolerance and violence may
initially be focused on the West, but over time it cannot be contained.
The same impulses toward extremism are used to justify war between
Sunnis and Shia, between tribes and clans. It leads not to strength and
prosperity but to chaos. In less than two years, we have seen largely
peaceful protests bring more change to Muslim-majority countries than a
decade of violence. Extremists understand this. And because they have
nothing to offer to improve the lives of people, violence is their only
way to stay relevant. They do not build, they only destroy.
It is
time to leave the call of violence and the politics of division behind.
On so many issues, we face a choice between the promise of the future,
or the prisons of the past. We cannot afford to get it wrong. We must
seize this moment. And America stands ready to work with all who are
willing to embrace a better future.
The future must not belong to
those who target Coptic Christians in Egypt – it must be claimed by
those in Tahrir Square who chanted "Muslims, Christians, we are one."
The future must not belong to those who bully women – it must be shaped
by girls who go to school, and those who stand for a world where our
daughters can live their dreams just like our sons. The future must not
belong to those corrupt few who steal a country's resources – it must be
won by the students and entrepreneurs; workers and business owners who
seek a broader prosperity for all people. Those are the men and women
that America stands with; theirs is the vision we will support.
The
future must not belong to those who slander the prophet of Islam. Yet
to be credible, those who condemn that slander must also condemn the
hate we see when the image of Jesus Christ is desecrated, churches are
destroyed, or the Holocaust is denied. Let us condemn incitement against
Sufi Muslims, and Shiite pilgrims. It is time to heed the words of
Gandhi: "Intolerance is itself a form of violence and an obstacle to the
growth of a true democratic spirit." Together, we must work towards a
world where we are strengthened by our differences, and not defined by
them. That is what America embodies, and that is the vision we will
support.
Among Israelis and Palestinians, the future must not
belong to those who turn their backs on the prospect of peace. Let us
leave behind those who thrive on conflict, and those who reject the
right of Israel to exist. The road is hard but the destination is clear –
a secure, Jewish state of Israel; and an independent, prosperous
Palestine. Understanding that such a peace must come through a just
agreement between the parties, America will walk alongside all who are
prepared to make that journey.
In Syria, the future must not
belong to a dictator who massacres his people. If there is a cause that
cries out for protest in the world today, it is a regime that tortures
children and shoots rockets at apartment buildings. And we must remain
engaged to assure that what began with citizens demanding their rights
does not end in a cycle of sectarian violence.
Together, we must
stand with those Syrians who believe in a different vision – a Syria
that is united and inclusive; where children don't need to fear their
own government, and all Syrians have a say in how they are governed –
Sunnis and Alawites; Kurds and Christians. That is what America stands
for; that is the outcome that we will work for – with sanctions and
consequences for those who persecute; and assistance and support for
those who work for this common good. Because we believe that the Syrians
who embrace this vision will have the strength and legitimacy to lead.
In
Iran,
we see where the path of a violent and unaccountable ideology leads.
The Iranian people have a remarkable and ancient history, and many
Iranians wish to enjoy peace and prosperity alongside their neighbors.
But just as it restricts the rights of its own people, the Iranian
government props up a dictator in Damascus and supports terrorist groups
abroad. Time and again, it has failed to take the opportunity to
demonstrate that its nuclear program is peaceful, and to meet its
obligations to the United Nations.
Let me be clear: America wants
to resolve this issue through diplomacy, and we believe that there is
still time and space to do so. But that time is not unlimited. We
respect the right of nations to access peaceful nuclear power, but one
of the purposes of the United Nations is to see that we harness that
power for peace. Make no mistake: a nuclear-armed Iran is not a
challenge that can be contained. It would threaten the elimination of
Israel, the security of Gulf nations, and the stability of the global
economy. It risks triggering a nuclear-arms race in the region, and the
unraveling of the non-proliferation treaty. That is why a coalition of
countries is holding the Iranian government accountable. And that is why
the United States will do what we must to prevent Iran from obtaining a
nuclear weapon.
We know from painful experience that the path to
security and prosperity does not lie outside the boundaries of
international law and respect for human rights. That is why this
institution was established from the rubble of conflict; that is why
liberty triumphed over tyranny in the Cold War; and that is the lesson
of the last two decades as well. History shows that peace and progress
come to those who make the right choices.
Nations in every part of
the world have travelled this hard path. Europe – the bloodiest
battlefield of the 20th century – is united, free and at peace. From
Brazil to South Africa; from Turkey to South Korea; from India to
Indonesia; people of different races, religions, and traditions have
lifted millions out of poverty, while respecting the rights of their
citizens and meeting their responsibilities as nations.
And it is
because of the progress I've witnessed that after nearly four years as
President, I am hopeful about the world we live in. The war in Iraq is
over, and our troops have come home. We have begun a transition in
Afghanistan, and America and our allies will end our war on schedule in
2014. Al Qaeda has been weakened and Osama bin Laden is no more. Nations
have come together to lock down nuclear materials, and America and
Russia are reducing our arsenals. I've seen hard choices made – from
Naypyidaw to Cairo to Abidjan – to put more power in the hands of
citizens.
At a time of economic challenge, the world has come
together to broaden prosperity. Through the G-20, we have partnered with
emerging countries to keep the world on the path of recovery. America
has pursued a development agenda that fuels growth and breaks
dependency, and worked with African leaders to help them feed their
nations. New partnerships have been forged to combat corruption and
promote government that is open and transparent. New commitments have
been made through the Equal Futures Partnership to ensure that women and
girls can fully participate in politics and pursue opportunity. And
later today, I will discuss our efforts to combat the scourge of human
trafficking.
But what gives me the most hope is not the actions of
leaders – it is the people I've seen. The American troops who have
risked their lives and sacrificed their limbs for strangers half a world
away. The students in Jakarta and Seoul who are eager to use their
knowledge to benefit humankind. The faces in a square in Prague or a
parliament in Ghana who see democracy giving voice to their aspirations.
The young people in the favelas of Rio and the schools of Mumbai whose
eyes shine with promise. These men, women and children of every race and
every faith remind me that for every angry mob that gets shown on
television, there are billions around the globe who share similar hopes
and dreams. They tell us that there is a common heartbeat to humanity.
So
much attention in our world turns to what divides us. That's what we
see on the news, and that consumes our political debates. But when you
strip that all away, people everywhere long for the freedom to determine
their destiny; the dignity that comes with work; the comfort that comes
from faith; and the justice that exists when governments serve their
people – and not the other way around.
The United States of
America will always stand up for these aspirations, for our own people,
and all across the world. That was our founding purpose. That is what
our history shows. And that is what Chris Stevens worked for throughout
his life.
And today I promise you this – long after these killers
are brought to justice, Chris Stevens' legacy will live on in the lives
he touched. In the tens of thousands who marched against violence
through the streets of Benghazi; in the Libyans who changed their
Facebook FB 0.00% photo to one of Chris; in the sign that read, simply,
"Chris Stevens was a friend to all Libyans."
They should give us
hope. They should remind us that so long as we work for it justice will
be done; that history is on our side; and that a rising tide of liberty
will never be reversed. Thank you.